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From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs ((フランス語:De chacun selon ses facultés, à chacun selon ses besoins); (ドイツ語:Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen)) is a slogan first used by Louis Blanc in 1851〔Louis Blanc, ''Plus de Girondins'', 1851, (p. 92 ).〕 (although an earlier version of the saying appeared in Étienne-Gabriel Morelly's ''The Code of Nature'') and popularised by Karl Marx in his 1875 ''Critique of the Gotha Program''. The principle refers to free access and distribution of goods and services. In the Marxist view, such an arrangement will be made possible by the abundance of goods and services that a developed communist system will produce; the idea is that, with the full development of socialism and unfettered productive forces, there will be enough to satisfy everyone's needs. ==Origin of the phrase== The complete paragraph containing Marx's statement of the creed in the 'Critique of the Gotha Program' is as follows: :''In a higher phase of communist society, after the enslaving subordination of the individual to the division of labor, and therewith also the antithesis between mental and physical labor, has vanished; after labor has become not only a means of life but life's prime want; after the productive forces have also increased with the all-around development of the individual, and all the springs of co-operative wealth flow more abundantly—only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be crossed in its entirety and society inscribe on its banners:'' From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!〔〔〔 Although Marx is popularly thought of as the originator of the phrase, the slogan was common to the socialist movement and was first used by Louis Blanc in 1851.〔The entry "Blanc, Louis" of ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Graeber (2013, pp. 293–294) cite the work ''Organisation du travail'' (''The organization of work'', 1840 ()) as the origin of the quote. However, this phrase is not actually found in this work. Jean-Claude Caron ((Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle - Revues.org )) traces the phrase back to Blanc's work ''Plus de Girondins'', 1851, (p. 92 ): "''De chacun selon ses facultés, à chacun selon ses besoins''".〕 The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French utopian Étienne-Gabriel Morelly,〔Norman E. Bowie, ''Towards a new theory of distributive justice'' (1971), p. 82.〕 who proposed in his 1755 ''Code of Nature'' "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including I. Nothing in society will belong to anyone, either as a personal possession or as capital goods, except the things for which the person has immediate use, for either his needs, his pleasures, or his daily work. II. Every citizen will be a public man, sustained by, supported by, and occupied at the public expense. III. Every citizen will make his particular contribution to the activities of the community according to his capacity, his talent and his age; it is on this basis that his duties will be determined, in conformity with the distributive laws.〔Gregory Titelman, ''Random House dictionary of popular proverbs & sayings'' (1996), p. 108.〕 Some scholars trace the origin of the phrase to the New Testament.〔Joseph Arthur Baird, ''The Greed Syndrome: An Ethical Sickness in American Capitalism'' (1989), p. 32.〕〔Marshall Berman, ''Adventures in Marxism'' (2000), p. 151.〕 In Acts of the Apostles the lifestyle of the community of believers in Jerusalem is described as communal (without individual possession), and uses the phrase "''distribution was made unto every man according as he had need''": :Acts 4:32–35: ''32 And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common. 33 And with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all. 34 Neither was there any among them that lacked: for as many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the things that were sold, 35 And laid them down at the apostles' feet: and distribution was made unto every man according as he had need.'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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